For the U.S. State Department, Chile is now “a leader in promoting respect for the rule of law, economic stability, education, environmental protection, human rights, and sustainable development.” Besides, “Bilateral trade in goods and services between the United States and Chile were worth approximately $31.1 billion in 2020.”

But turmoil and volatility prevail, as evidenced in presidential elections taking place on Nov. 21, continuing street demonstrations, and preparations for a new constitution.

Gabriel Boric, narrowly favored to win Chile’s presidency, was a leader in the student uprisings of 2011-12. He’s been a parliamentary deputy since 2014 and the first to enter parliament without party affiliation. In 2016, Boric founded the Autonomous Movement.

He’s now the candidate of the newly formed Social Convergence party that absorbed the Autonomous Movement and three other small left-leaning parties. Social Convergence seeks a “socialist, democratic, libertarian, and feminist society.”

Boric scored a 60% plurality in primary elections in July. The Broad Front coalition, which supported Boric, was competing with the Communist Party-led coalition behind Daniel Jadue, mayor of Recoleta. Jadue led in opinion polls during most of the campaign. The Communist Party now supports Boric as the candidate for Approve Dignity, a new and enlarged leftist coalition.

Presently, Boric registers 29% approval in opinion polls. The extreme right-wing candidate, José Antonio Kast, has advanced rapidly to a 25% favorability rating, overcoming the conservative Sebastián Sichel, who has fallen to 14% approval.

A lawyer and former parliamentarian, Kast is said to be homophobic, an opponent of women’s rights, and a climate-change denier. He supposedly admires Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro and former U.S. President Donald Trump. Critics regularly characterize Kast as fascist or neo-fascist.

His father Miguel Kast, a German Army officer in World War II, emigrated to Chile, established a large family and, with his sons, founded a restaurant chain, a food manufacturing company, and accumulated large landholdings. Family members have been politicians, economists, and bankers.

In 2006, lawyers in Panama, a so-called “fiscal paradise,” assisted the Kast family in reconstituting their assets. José A. Kast departed from the family businesses with a “patrimony” of $4 billion.

Reports have surfaced alleging that immediately after the Pinochet-led military coup of 1973, Kast’s father and brother Miguel participated in, or failed to stop, the disappearances of leftist agrarian-rights agitators active in Paine, the Kasts’ rural home base.

Presumably, the 20% of Chileans who accounted for 51% of income generated in 2017 overlap with the 20% of the electorate who think favorably about the former dictatorship. Presidential candidate Kast fits into at least one of these categories, maybe both.

On Oct. 18, student-led demonstrations burst forth nationwide; 20,000 demonstrators gathered in Santiago and thousands more in 50 other cities. The carabineros, Chile’s notoriously brutal national police force, arrested 450 people, killed two, and wounded 56. The carabineros have enjoyed virtually free rein since the Pinochet dictatorship.

The demonstrators were memorializing Oct. 18 in 2019. That day over a million people filled newly-named Dignity Plaza in Santiago, and large demonstrations took place throughout Chile. Violence at the hands of carabineros led to 34 deaths, and, bizarrely, 450 or so serious eye injuries. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic ended regular protests five months later, although they’ve continued sporadically.

Then and now, demands center on social and economic opportunities for young people, women, and indigenous peoples, on pension reform and the release of political prisoners. Protesters have denounced neoliberal changes introduced during the dictatorship, such as privatization of education, health care, and pensions, austerity, deregulation, and sell-offs of water rights, and publicly-owned mineral, fishery, and forest resources.

All along, they’ve condemned the abuse of Chile’s indigenous peoples, a prime cause of instability in Chile. The Mapuche people, excluded from Chilean society, have suffered oppression since the late 19th century when Chile’s military invaded the four southern provinces where they lived. Oppression accentuated recently as corporations commandeered natural resources and carabineros cleared the way.

President Sebastian Piñera on October 12 announced a state of “emergency” as troops occupied Mapuche regions. The Mapuche demand autonomy and return of their land.

Protesters have called upon Piñera to resign. In mid-November 2019, he met with representatives of political parties. Rattled by the massive street demonstrations of the previous few weeks, he agreed to preparations for a new constitution, a longstanding demand.

In October 2020, Chileans voted in favor of a constitutional convention. They elected delegates in May this year, and the constitutional convention began its work in July, mainly focused on procedural matters. Deliberation on substance began in mid-October, and a referendum on approving the new charter will be held in 2022.

From the viewpoint of progressives, the convention’s main burden is to remove or replace provisions of the Pinochet-era constitution. Targeted particularly are provisions authorizing neoliberal reforms. The hope also is that a new constitution will no longer enable the harsh policing and judicial measures used now to repress political dissent.

Delegates are divided equally between men and women. A Mapuche woman, Elisa Loncón, is presiding, and seats are reserved for indigenous peoples. In the May elections, the center-right gained 37 seats; the leftist Approve Dignity coalition, 28 seats; a center-left coalition, 25 seats; and independents and the indigenous, 65 seats.

Opinion polls in Chile have shown massive popular distrust of political parties. Unaffiliated activists and others associated with social movements participated in preparing for the referendum authorizing the Constitutional Convention. Insofar as a two-thirds majority is required for approval of new constitutional provisions, and what with the unpredictability of unaffiliated delegates, it’s far from certain that the new constitution will bring about much progressive change. All these developments will have its impact on the general elections. (People’s World — IPA Service)